Object Data Page
Revised: July 31, 2013 Moon / (Earth) 301
GEOPHYSICAL DATA (updated 2018-Aug-15):
Vol. mean radius, km = 1737.53+-0.03 Mass, x10^22 kg = 7.349
Radius (gravity), km = 1738.0 Surface emissivity = 0.92
Radius (IAU), km = 1737.4 GM, km^3/s^2 = 4902.800066
Density, g/cm^3 = 3.3437 GM 1-sigma, km^3/s^2 = +-0.0001
V(1,0) = +0.21 Surface accel., m/s^2 = 1.62
Earth/Moon mass ratio = 81.3005690769 Farside crust. thick. = ~80 - 90 km
Mean crustal density = 2.97+-.07 g/cm^3 Nearside crust. thick.= 58+-8 km
Heat flow, Apollo 15 = 3.1+-.6 mW/m^2 Mean angular diameter = 31'05.2"
Heat flow, Apollo 17 = 2.2+-.5 mW/m^2 Sid. rot. rate, rad/s = 0.0000026617
Geometric Albedo = 0.12 Mean solar day = 29.5306 d
Obliquity to orbit = 6.67 deg Orbit period = 27.321582 d
Semi-major axis, a = 384400 km Eccentricity = 0.05490
Mean motion, rad/s = 2.6616995x10^-6 Inclination = 5.145 deg
Apsidal period = 3231.50 d Nodal period = 6798.38 d
Perihelion Aphelion Mean
Solar Constant (W/m^2) 1414+-7 1323+-7 1368+-7
Maximum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 1314 1226 1268
Minimum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 5.2 5.2 5.2
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Results
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Ephemeris / WWW_USER Wed Jan 27 05:53:24 2021 Pasadena, USA / Horizons
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Target body name: Moon (301) {source: DE431mx}
Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE431mx}
Center-site name: (user defined site below)
*******************************************************************************
Start time : B.C. 0588-Jun-30 16:00:00.0000 UT
Stop time : B.C. 0588-Jul-01 00:00:00.0000 UT
Step-size : 1 minutes
*******************************************************************************
Target pole/equ : IAU_MOON {East-longitude positive}
Target radii : 1737.4 x 1737.4 x 1737.4 km {Equator, meridian, pole}
Center geodetic : 44.4208330,32.5363890,0.0900000 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)}
Center cylindric: 44.4208330,5382.37831,3410.7743 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)}
Center pole/equ : High-precision EOP model {East-longitude positive}
Center radii : 6378.1 x 6378.1 x 6356.8 km {Equator, meridian, pole}
Target primary : Earth
Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE431mx}
Rel. light bend : Sun, EARTH {source: DE431mx}
Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11, 3.9860E+05 km^3/s^2
Atmos refraction: YES (Earth refraction model)
RA format : HMS
Time format : CAL
RTS-only print : NO
EOP file : eop.210126.p210419
EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2021-JAN-26. PREDICTS-> 2021-APR-18
Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s
Table cut-offs 1: Elevation (-90.0deg=NO ),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (NO )
Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 0.0,180.0=NO ),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO )
Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO )
*********************************************************************************************************************
Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A.___(rfrct-app)__DEC a-mass mag_ex APmag S-brt S-O-T /r T-O-M/MN_Illu% TDB-UT
*********************************************************************************************************************
$$SOE
b0588-Jun-30 16:00 *m 06 32 20.38 +21 54 29.9 10.201 2.780 -4.483 5.329 6.6114 /T 0.0000/ 0.3348 18175.957113
b0588-Jun-30 16:01 *m 06 32 23.70 +21 54 36.7 10.513 2.865 -4.484 5.331 6.6195 /T 0.0000/ 0.3356 18175.957082
b0588-Jun-30 16:02 *m 06 32 27.08 +21 54 43.9 10.843 2.955 -4.484 5.333 6.6276 /T 0.0000/ 0.3364 18175.957051
b0588-Jun-30 16:03 *m 06 32 30.52 +21 54 51.8 11.192 3.050 -4.485 5.335 6.6358 /T 0.0000/ 0.3373 18175.957020
b0588-Jun-30 16:04 *m 06 32 34.02 +21 55 00.4 11.561 3.150 -4.486 5.336 6.6440 /T 0.0000/ 0.3381 18175.956989
b0588-Jun-30 16:05 *m 06 32 37.60 +21 55 09.6 11.953 3.257 -4.487 5.338 6.6522 /T 0.0000/ 0.3389 18175.956958
b0588-Jun-30 16:06 *m 06 32 41.25 +21 55 19.6 12.368 3.370 -4.488 5.340 6.6604 /T 0.0000/ 0.3398 18175.956928
b0588-Jun-30 16:07 *m 06 32 44.99 +21 55 30.4 12.810 3.491 -4.488 5.342 6.6686 /T 0.0000/ 0.3406 18175.956897
b0588-Jun-30 16:08 *m 06 32 48.81 +21 55 42.0 13.279 3.618 -4.489 5.343 6.6768 /T 0.0000/ 0.3414 18175.956866
b0588-Jun-30 16:09 *m 06 32 52.73 +21 55 54.7 13.780 3.755 -4.490 5.345 6.6851 /T 0.0000/ 0.3423 18175.956835
b0588-Jun-30 16:10 *m 06 32 56.75 +21 56 08.4 14.313 3.900 -4.491 5.347 6.6933 /T 0.0000/ 0.3431 18175.956804
b0588-Jun-30 16:11 Cm 06 33 00.89 +21 56 23.2 14.882 4.055 -4.491 5.349 6.7016 /T 0.0000/ 0.3440 18175.956773
b0588-Jun-30 16:12 Cm 06 33 05.15 +21 56 39.3 15.491 4.221 -4.492 5.350 6.7099 /T 0.0000/ 0.3448 18175.956742
b0588-Jun-30 16:13 Cm 06 33 09.55 +21 56 56.7 16.143 4.399 -4.493 5.352 6.7182 /T 0.0000/ 0.3457 18175.956711
b0588-Jun-30 16:14 Cm 06 33 14.09 +21 57 15.6 16.841 4.589 -4.494 5.354 6.7265 /T 0.0000/ 0.3465 18175.956680
b0588-Jun-30 16:15 Cm 06 33 18.79 +21 57 36.1 17.591 4.793 -4.495 5.356 6.7348 /T 0.0000/ 0.3474 18175.956649
b0588-Jun-30 16:16 Cm 06 33 23.66 +21 57 58.4 18.395 5.013 -4.495 5.358 6.7431 /T 0.0000/ 0.3482 18175.956618
b0588-Jun-30 16:17 Cm 06 33 28.72 +21 58 22.6 19.261 5.248 -4.496 5.359 6.7514 /T 0.0000/ 0.3491 18175.956587
b0588-Jun-30 16:18 Cm 06 33 33.98 +21 58 48.9 20.192 5.502 -4.497 5.361 6.7598 /T 0.0000/ 0.3500 18175.956556
b0588-Jun-30 16:19 Cm 06 33 39.47 +21 59 17.5 21.195 5.775 -4.498 5.363 6.7682 /T 0.0000/ 0.3508 18175.956525
b0588-Jun-30 16:20 Cm 06 33 45.20 +21 59 48.6 22.275 6.070 -4.499 5.365 6.7765 /T 0.0000/ 0.3517 18175.956494
b0588-Jun-30 16:21 Cm 06 33 51.19 +22 00 22.5 23.441 6.387 -4.499 5.366 6.7849 /T 0.0000/ 0.3526 18175.956463
b0588-Jun-30 16:22 Cm 06 33 57.47 +22 00 59.2 24.697 6.730 -4.500 5.368 6.7933 /T 0.0000/ 0.3534 18175.956432
b0588-Jun-30 16:23 Cm 06 34 04.04 +22 01 39.2 26.052 7.099 -4.501 5.370 6.8018 /T 0.0000/ 0.3543 18175.956401
b0588-Jun-30 16:24 Cm 06 34 10.94 +22 02 22.5 27.513 7.497 -4.502 5.372 6.8102 /T 0.0000/ 0.3552 18175.956370
b0588-Jun-30 16:25 Cm 06 34 18.18 +22 03 09.4 29.086 7.926 -4.503 5.373 6.8186 /T 0.0000/ 0.3561 18175.956339
b0588-Jun-30 16:26 Cm 06 34 25.76 +22 03 59.9 30.779 8.387 -4.503 5.375 6.8271 /T 0.0000/ 0.3569 18175.956308
b0588-Jun-30 16:27 Cm 06 34 33.68 +22 04 54.1 32.599 8.883 -4.504 5.377 6.8356 /T 0.0000/ 0.3578 18175.956277
b0588-Jun-30 16:28 Cm 06 34 41.93 +22 05 51.8 34.553 9.415 -4.505 5.379 6.8440 /T 0.0000/ 0.3587 18175.956246
b0588-Jun-30 16:29 Cm 06 34 50.46 +22 06 52.8 36.647 9.986 -4.506 5.380 6.8525 /T 0.0000/ 0.3596 18175.956215
b0588-Jun-30 16:30 Cm 06 34 59.20 +22 07 56.2 n.a. n.a. -4.507 5.382 6.8610 /T 0.0000/ 0.3605 18175.956185
b0588-Jun-30 16:31 Cm 06 35 08.04 +22 09 00.9 n.a. n.a. -4.507 5.384 6.8696 /T 0.0000/ 0.3614 18175.956154
b0588-Jun-30 16:32 Cm 06 35 16.29 +22 10 00.1 n.a. n.a. -4.508 5.386 6.8781 /T 0.0000/ 0.3623 18175.956123
b0588-Jun-30 16:33 Cs 06 35 18.55 +22 09 59.8 n.a. n.a. -4.509 5.387 6.8866 /T 0.0000/ 0.3632 18175.956092
b0588-Jun-30 16:34 C 06 35 20.81 +22 09 59.4 n.a. n.a. -4.510 5.389 6.8952 /T 0.0000/ 0.3641 18175.956061
b0588-Jun-30 16:35 C 06 35 23.08 +22 09 59.1 n.a. n.a. -4.511 5.391 6.9038 /T 0.0000/ 0.3650 18175.956030
b0588-Jun-30 16:36 C 06 35 25.35 +22 09 58.8 n.a. n.a. -4.512 5.393 6.9123 /T 0.0000/ 0.3659 18175.955999
b0588-Jun-30 16:37 C 06 35 27.62 +22 09 58.6 n.a. n.a. -4.512 5.394 6.9209 /T 0.0000/ 0.3668 18175.955968
b0588-Jun-30 16:38 N 06 35 29.89 +22 09 58.3 n.a. n.a. -4.513 5.396 6.9295 /T 0.0000/ 0.3677 18175.955937
b0588-Jun-30 16:39 N 06 35 32.17 +22 09 58.1 n.a. n.a. -4.514 5.398 6.9382 /T 0.0000/ 0.3686 18175.955906
b0588-Jun-30 16:40 N 06 35 34.44 +22 09 57.8 n.a. n.a. -4.515 5.400 6.9468 /T 0.0000/ 0.3695 18175.955875
b0588-Jun-30 16:41 N 06 35 36.72 +22 09 57.6 n.a. n.a. -4.516 5.402 6.9554 /T 0.0000/ 0.3705 18175.955844
b0588-Jun-30 16:42 N 06 35 39.01 +22 09 57.4 n.a. n.a. -4.516 5.403 6.9641 /T 0.0000/ 0.3714 18175.955813
b0588-Jun-30 16:43 N 06 35 41.29 +22 09 57.2 n.a. n.a. -4.517 5.405 6.9728 /T 0.0000/ 0.3723 18175.955782
b0588-Jun-30 16:44 N 06 35 43.58 +22 09 57.0 n.a. n.a. -4.518 5.407 6.9814 /T 0.0000/ 0.3732 18175.955751
b0588-Jun-30 16:45 N 06 35 45.86 +22 09 56.9 n.a. n.a. -4.519 5.408 6.9901 /T 0.0000/ 0.3742 18175.955720
b0588-Jun-30 16:46 N 06 35 48.15 +22 09 56.7 n.a. n.a. -4.520 5.410 6.9988 /T 0.0000/ 0.3751 18175.955689
b0588-Jun-30 16:47 N 06 35 50.45 +22 09 56.6 n.a. n.a. -4.521 5.412 7.0075 /T 0.0000/ 0.3760 18175.955658
b0588-Jun-30 16:48 N 06 35 52.74 +22 09 56.4 n.a. n.a. -4.521 5.414 7.0163 /T 0.0000/ 0.3770 18175.955627
b0588-Jun-30 16:49 N 06 35 55.04 +22 09 56.3 n.a. n.a. -4.522 5.415 7.0250 /T 0.0000/ 0.3779 18175.955596
b0588-Jun-30 16:50 N 06 35 57.34 +22 09 56.2 n.a. n.a. -4.523 5.417 7.0338 /T 0.0000/ 0.3788 18175.955565
b0588-Jun-30 16:51 N 06 35 59.64 +22 09 56.2 n.a. n.a. -4.524 5.419 7.0425 /T 0.0000/ 0.3798 18175.955534
b0588-Jun-30 16:52 N 06 36 01.94 +22 09 56.1 n.a. n.a. -4.525 5.421 7.0513 /T 0.0000/ 0.3807 18175.955503
b0588-Jun-30 16:53 N 06 36 04.25 +22 09 56.1 n.a. n.a. -4.526 5.422 7.0601 /T 0.0000/ 0.3817 18175.955473
b0588-Jun-30 16:54 N 06 36 06.55 +22 09 56.0 n.a. n.a. -4.527 5.424 7.0689 /T 0.0000/ 0.3826 18175.955442
b0588-Jun-30 16:55 N 06 36 08.86 +22 09 56.0 n.a. n.a. -4.527 5.426 7.0777 /T 0.0000/ 0.3836 18175.955411
b0588-Jun-30 16:56 N 06 36 11.17 +22 09 56.0 n.a. n.a. -4.528 5.428 7.0865 /T 0.0000/ 0.3845 18175.955380
b0588-Jun-30 16:57 N 06 36 13.49 +22 09 56.0 n.a. n.a. -4.529 5.429 7.0953 /T 0.0000/ 0.3855 18175.955349
b0588-Jun-30 16:58 N 06 36 15.80 +22 09 56.0 n.a. n.a. -4.530 5.431 7.1042 /T 0.0000/ 0.3865 18175.955318
b0588-Jun-30 16:59 N 06 36 18.12 +22 09 56.1 n.a. n.a. -4.531 5.433 7.1131 /T 0.0000/ 0.3874 18175.955287
$$EOE
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Column meaning:
TIME
Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the
prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current
civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1
using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years.
Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar
system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output
has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st.
Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future
intervals.
Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth
regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock
rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT"
may be defined for that location.
Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank
(" ") denotes an A.D. date. Calendar dates prior to 1582-Oct-15 are in the
Julian calendar system. Later calendar dates are in the Gregorian system.
NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time.
SOLAR PRESENCE (OBSERVING SITE)
Time tag is followed by a blank, then a solar-presence symbol:
'*' Daylight (refracted solar upper-limb on or above apparent horizon)
'C' Civil twilight/dawn
'N' Nautical twilight/dawn
'A' Astronomical twilight/dawn
' ' Night OR geocentric ephemeris
LUNAR PRESENCE WITH TARGET RISE/TRANSIT/SET MARKER (OBSERVING SITE)
The solar-presence symbol is immediately followed by another marker symbol:
'm' Refracted upper-limb of Moon on or above apparent horizon
' ' Refracted upper-limb of Moon below apparent horizon OR geocentric
'r' Rise (target body on or above cut-off RTS elevation)
't' Transit (target body at or past local maximum RTS elevation)
's' Set (target body on or below cut-off RTS elevation)
RTS MARKERS (TVH)
Rise and set are with respect to the reference ellipsoid true visual horizon
defined by the elevation cut-off angle. Horizon dip and yellow-light refraction
(Earth only) are considered. Accuracy is < or = to twice the requested search
step-size.
'R.A.___(rfrct-app)__DEC' =
Refracted apparent right ascension and declination of the target center with
respect to an instantaneous reference frame defined by the Earth equator of-dat
(z-axis) and meridian containing the Earth equinox of-date (x-axis, EOP-correct
IAU76/80). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay, gravitational deflection
of light, stellar aberration, precession & nutation, and approximate atmospheri
yellow-light refraction. Note: equinox (RA origin) is offset -53 mas from the
of-date frame defined by the IAU06/00a P & N system.
Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff}
DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff}
'a-mass mag_ex' =
RELATIVE optical airmass and visual magnitude extinction. Airmass is the
ratio between the absolute optical airmass for the targets' refracted CENTER
point to the absolute optical airmass at zenith. Also output is the estimated
visual magnitude extinction due to the atmosphere, as seen by the observer.
AVAILABLE ONLY FOR TOPOCENTRIC EARTH SITES WHEN THE TARGET IS ABOVE THE
HORIZON. Units: none (airmass) and magnitudes (extinction).
'APmag S-brt' =
Moon's approximate apparent visual magnitude and surface brightness. When
phase angle < 7 deg (within ~1 day of full Moon), computed magnitude tends to
be about 0.12 too small.
For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric
absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity.
Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a
square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk.
Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND
'S-O-T /r' =
Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers'
location at print-time.
The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position
relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below:
Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that
body rotational sense is considered:
/T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun)
/L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun)
Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such
as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the
observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion:
* If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric
motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed
by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer.
* If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed
by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun.
Two other codes can be output:
/* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined)
/? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail)
The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation
angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate
the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would
be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system.
Units: DEGREES
'T-O-M/MN_Illu%' =
Target-Observer-Moon LUNAR ELONGATION angle and illuminated percentage.
The apparent lunar elongation angle between target body center and Moon
center, seen from the observing site, along with fraction of the lunar disk
illuminated by the Sun. A negative lunar elongation angle indicates the target
center is behind the Moon. Units: DEGREES & PERCENT
'TDB-UT' =
Difference between the uniform Barycentric Dynamical time-scale and the
Earth-rotation dependent Universal Time. Prior to 1962, the difference is with
respect to UT1 (TDB-UT1) and the 0.002 second maximum amplitude distinction
between TT and TDB is not maintained. For 1962 and later, the difference is
with respect to UTC (TDB-UTC) and periodic terms less than 1.e-6 second are
ignored. Values beyond the next July or January 1st may change if a leap-second
is later required by the IERS. Values from the present date forward through
the next ~78 days are predictions. Beyond that prediction interval, the last
prediction is taken as a constant for all future dates. Units: SECONDS
Computations by ...
Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
Information : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/
Documentation: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons_doc
Connect : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons (browser)
telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 (command-line)
e-mail command interface available
Script and CGI interfaces available
Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov
*********************************************************************************************************************
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Source: jpl.nasa.gov
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